9 std social science Assignment March-2022 Answer Key English medium

 

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUSTION BRIEFLY 

 

1.How important are coins as a source of evidence for the study of Sangam Age?

• Coins as a medium of exchange were introduced for the first time in the Sangam Age.
• The coins of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas and Romans were important source of evidence.
• The coins give information on the social and economic conditions of Sangam period.
• They also tell us the extent of the kingdom, its relation with neighboring and foreign kingdoms.
• Roman coins discovered in Coimbatore region, Karur and Madurai shows that our ancestors traded with the people of Rome.

2. Agriculture was one of the main sources of subsistence in Sangam Age. Give
reasons.

• The economy of Sangam Age was mixed as elaborated in the Thinai concept. Agriculture was one of the main occupations of the people.
• The people also involved in other occupations like fishing, pottery making, jewellery making iron manufacturing, trade, etc. But, agriculture was the main source of subsistence in Sangam Age.
• Both wet and dry land farming were practiced. In the river valleys and tank-irrigated areas, paddy was cultivated.
• People in the forest adopted Punam of shifting cultivation.

3. Define atmosphere.

• The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called the Atmosphere. It is held close to the Earth by gravitational attraction.
• Atmosphere is a mixture of gases, water various and dust particles in different proportions.
• It is thick near the Earth surface and thins out until it eventually merges with space.

4. Mention the factors that affect the climate?

The factors that affect the climate are –

• Distance from the equator
• Mountain barrier
• Altitude
• Cloud cover
• Nearness to the sea
• Ocean currents and
• Nature of the prevailing winds
• Natural vegetation

5. Write short note on Lapse rate.

The temperature decreases at the rate of 65^oC per km of height. This is called Normal lapse
rate.

 6.Weather and climate

Weather	Climate
1. It is the study of atmospheric conditions for a short period over small areas.	It is the study of the average weather condition observed over a long period of time for a larger area.
2. Weather changes very often – hour to hour and day to day.	Climate is more or less permanent and remains the same.
3. Study of weather is called Meteorology	Study of climate is called Climatology

 

 

7. Explain the electoral system in India.

The electoral system in India has been adapted from the system followed in the United Kingdom.

• Article 324 of the Constitution provides for an independent Election commission in order to ensure free and fair elections in the country.
• The Parliament may make provisions with respect to all maters relating to elections to the Parliament.

8. Give the meaning of a political party.

• A political party is an organisation formed by a group of people with a certain ideology and agenda to contest elections and hold power in the government.
• A political party has three components. They are a leader, active members and the followers.

9. Distinguish between two-party system and the multi-party system.

Two-Party System	Multi-Party System
1. In this system, two parties exist.	In this system, more than two parties exist.
2. Policy decision can be taken immediately.	It will take time. Policy decision cannot be taken immediately

10. What are the three sectors of an economy?

1. Primary or agriculture sector
2. Secondary or industrial sector and
3. Tertiary or service sector

 

 

II.Answer the following in detail

11. To what extent do you think the political powers of Tamilagam influenced Sangam age polity?

Among the political powers of the Sangam Age, the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas occupied pre-eminent positions. They were known as Muvendhar.

The Cheras:

• The Cheras ruled Kerala and the Western part of Tamil Nadu.
• Vanchi was the capital of the Cheras while Musiri and Thondi were their port towns.
• Pathiruppathu speaks about the Chera kings and their conquests.

The Cholas:

• The Cholas ruled over the Kaveri delta and Northern parts of Tamil Nadu.
• Their capital was Uraiyur and their port town was Kaveripoompattinam.
• Karikalan is notable among the Chola Kings.
• The administration of the Cholas reached its zenith in the later Chola period.
• During this period, literature, art and architecture flourished.

The Pandyas:

• The Pandyas ruled the southern part of Tamil Nadu.
• Madurai was their capital. They were the patrons of Tamil scholars.
• They patronized Tamil Sangams in which Tamil poets and poetess assembled and composed poems and literary texts.

Velirs:

• Apart from the Vendars, there were Velirs who occupied territories on the margins of the muvendhar.
• The velirs were seven in number. They were Pari, Kari, Ori, Nalli, Pegan, Ai and Athiyaman.
• These chieftains had alliance with one or other of the muvendhar and helped them in their battles against the other Vendhars.

 12.Write a paragraph about the structure of the atmosphere.

The structure of the atmosphere is-

1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere

Troposphere:

• The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere. The layer extends up to a 8 km to 18 km at the Equator.
• In this layer, the temperature decreases with increasing height. This layer is also known as Weather making layer

Stratosphere:

• Stratosphere lies above the troposphere. It extends to a height of about 50 km above earth.
• The temperature increases with increase in height in this layer. This layer is also called as Ozonosphere.

Mesosphere:

• It is the third layer of the atmosphere. It extends 50 km and 80 km.
• Radio waves transmitted from earth are reflected back to earth from this layer.
• In this layer also the temperature increases with increasing height.
• Most of the meteors nearing the earth get burned in this layer.

Thermosphere:

• Thermosphere exists above the Mesosphere. It extends to about 600 km.
• Here, the temperature increases with increasing height.
• The upper portion of the Thermosphere is referred as ‘Hetrosphere’ and the lower portion is known as ‘Homosphere’.

Exosphere:

• The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is called exosphere.
• This layer is extremely rarefied with gases and gradually merges with the outer space.

13. Discuss merits and demerits of direct elections?

Merits of Direct election:

• Direct elections are considered to be a more democratic method of election.
• It educates people regarding the government activities and helps in choosing the appropriate candidates
• It also encourages people to play an active role in politics.
• It empowers people and makes the rulers accountable for their actions.

Demerits of Direct election:

• Direct elections are very expensive.
• Illiterate voters sometimes get misguided by false propaganda.
• Ensuring free and fair elections at every polling station is a major challenge to the Election Commission.
• There are instances of some political candidates influencing the voters through payments in the form of cash, goods or services.
• Election campaigns sometimes results in violence, tension, law and order problems and affects the day-to-day life of the people

14.What are the functions of political parties?

• Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates nominated by political parties.
• Parties put forward their policies and programmes before the electorate to consider and choose.
• Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature.
• Parties form and run the governments.
• The parties that failed to secure majority in the elections play the role of Opposition Party. They criticise the government and ruling party for its failures or wrong policies.
• Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues of importance.
• Parties function as the useful link between people and the government machinery

15. What are the functions of Pressure groups in India?

Political Participation

• Pressure groups can be called the informal face of politics. Tey exert infuence precisely by mobilising popular support through activities such as petitions, marches, demonstrations and other forms of political protest.
• Such forms of political participation have been particularly attractive to young people.

Education

• Many pressure groups devote significant resources by carrying out research, maintaining websites, commenting on government policy and using high-profile academics, scientists and even celebrities to get their views across, with an emphasis to cultivate expert authority.

Policy Formulation

• Though the pressure groups themselves are not policy-makers, yet it does not prevent many of them from participating in the policy-making process.
• Many pressure groups are vital sources of information and render advice to the government and therefore they are regularly consulted in the process of policy formulation.

16. Explain: (a) primary sector (b) secondary sector and (c) tertiary sector.

Primary sector :

Agriculture, forestry animal husbandry, poultry, dairy farming, fishing etc. are Primary Sector.

Secondary sector :

Manufacturing, small and large- scale industries and constructional activities. Secondary Sector.

Tertiary sector :

Transport, insurance, banking, trade, communication, real estate, government and non-government services.